When examining the Arts & Crafts garden it is important to examine both the social conditions that gave it its form and ideology and the art movements that gave it its character and aesthetic quality. Speaking of the former, the industrialization of England played a large role. It led to the rise of the middle-class, leading to many people having suburban estates with gardens. These gardens largely lifted designs from various types of historical gardens in an unoriginal and monotonous way. The result was uninspired and seemed to reflect the lack of creativity and individualism that was often considered a negative outcome of industrialization. The Arts & Crafts gardens attempted to do away with the industrialization England was forced to deal with. Instead the focus became traditional craftsmanship and a simpler, more folky approach to garden architecture and design. The result aimed to feel old-fashioned and reconnect man with nature. In this sense the Arts & Crafts garden was not merely a reaction to industrialization but was a way of advocating social reform against it. 

Just as important to the way Arts & Crafts gardens took their form was the paintings of those like Turner and Monet. It was especially the impressionism and natural subjects of the paintings of Monet that gave inspiration to the "painterly" qualities of the gardens. The partnership of Jekyll and Lutyens allowed for a synthesis of the house and gardens. One flowed into another. Already, this gave the house a more natural feeling than those of industrialization. Jekyll trained as an artist herself, and applied painterly colour theory to the design of the garden. She scrupulously arranged the flowers and plants of the garden in a way that really did give it the painterly quality of a Monet painting, creating such dazzling perennial borders that the majesty of the gardens is hard to beat. They were not just geometrically designed in a way that was pleasing, but were filled with fountains and arches and courtyards all perfectly lined with the correct arrangement of plants. It made the garden a more than appealing retreat from industrialization and a compelling argument for the importance of nature, perhaps now more than ever. 

Jekyll's Munstead home shows the return to simpler and more traditional values

 The display of eloquent perennial borders that characterized the painterly gardens

 Here is the design for the borders, showing that this was no easy task. Painstaking effort leading to seamless execution and aesthetic pleasure

The key forces and ideas behind the Villa Gardens of the Victorian era come from a few main backgrounds. Importantly, the industrial revolution caused the population of England and Wales to skyrocket from 10 million to 40 million from just 1800 to 1900. Besides the boom in population was the increased distribution of wealth, so there were more wealthy members of the middle class and larger urban spaces. This in turn lead to a large amount of suburban villas, which in turn creates a huge boom of acreage to be used for gardening. Another important element of these gardens was one influencing 19th century gardening for a while, which was the triumph of art over nature. The idea of "gardenesque" emerged, which meant that every part of the garden should obviously come from man. There should be no mistaking its intent and artistic quality. The last but important part of victorian villas was that, due to a new documenting and available history of gardens, there was a lot of past influence entering the garden. This all added up to what some critics labeled as "pastry-cutter" gardening. This was also in part because the industrial revolution created a plethora of resources and finances to furnish one's own garden. Villa garden's often had beds cut into the lawns by the house itself. This allowed for a display of bedding, which is geometrically arranged arrays of colorful flowers. It is highly ornate and quite clearly man-made as opposed to natural. This, along with shrubberies, might be found closest to the house. As one moved farther away, the garden would become less formal. There might be large lawns with little-to-no bedding. In place of this would be features unique to industrial times, such as glasshouses, which could house exotic and tropical plants due to heating systems. There could also be easily acquired and mass-produced ornaments of cast iron and synthetic stone, giving one the option to include various statues and figures.

                               An example of the type of bedding and shrubbery that might appear:

Glasshouses could be heated and allowed for new types of plants from different climates:

                                         Mass-produced ornaments made decorating easy for all:

The gardens of Copenhagen play a role that many urban gardens do: to provide escape and enjoyment of nature within the busy and often draining environment of a city. The Rosenborg Castle Gardens are in the center of the city, and serve as not only one of the oldest gardens within Copenhagen but also as one of the most popular. The gardens contain the Rosenborg castle, which is an interesting destination for both tourists and people who live in the city to visit. The garden itself has many trees and flowers lining the walkways, as well as statues and large lawns for people to relax on. Especially in the summer, when there are concerts, this garden becomes a place for people within the center of the city to relax and slow down. This is especially important now, as it gives the vibe that Copenhagen is of course a metropolis, but that even in the center of the city there is an importance on green space and the ability to enjoy more leisurely time.

The Botanical gardens, located closer to Norreport and by the Copenhagen University, provide a similar place to escape the city. The gardens possess not just outdoor grounds to walk around but various greenhouses that are home to tropical plants and trees. The entire area provides not just the relaxation and enjoyment of nature that Rosenborg offers but an actual look at many different interesting species of plants. Once again, this emphasizes that even within a city like Copenhagen there is still a respect and appreciation for our natural surroundings. Before Copenhagen was made into a city it was filled with the plants and grass that the botanical garden offers, so it is a reminder of what this city truly is.

The Kastellet is another example of a green space within Copenhagen, and an interesting one in-part since it was originally a fort. The parts of the earth that had been used to construct walls have now become public greenspace. This serves to turn a once industrial sign of war into a natural and relaxing area for the modern citizens to use. This emphasizes the sustainability of Copenhagen and the importance of green space.